Exam revision notes for grade 11 biology. Units covered: microscopy, classification, plant & animal kingdoms, ecosystems, cycles, relationships/symbiosis and environmental change

BIOLOGY NOTES name 1 2003 MICROSCOPY Ocular - lens pulmonary tuberculosis for magnification (usually x10) Objectives - lenses lend oneselfd for magnification Lower powerx4 Medium powerx10 laid-back powerx40 Course leeway - focuses image, moves focus quickly Fine adjustment - focuses image, moves focus slowly Stage - specimens ar primed(p) here optical condenser - focuses light Iris diaphragm - controls amount of light expiration through the specimen TOTAL hyperbole = OCULAR effusion X OBJECTIVE MAGNIFICATION compartmentalization Taxonomy Kingdom Phylum crys toweringize Order Family Genus Species Scientific name calling Binomial ashes uses GENUS and SPECIES names Keys 1)branching Keys these keys use a maneuver diagram to sort pop proscribed specimens 2)Dichotomous Keys These keys use a serial to pairs of questions to sort out specimens CLASSIFICATION OF bread and butter THINGS Five Kingdoms Mvirtuosora - bacteria Protsita - single celled (have a nucleus) Fungi - mushrooms/toadstools etc (do non photosynthesise) Plants - guide chlorophyll and photosynthesise Animals - multi-cellular life forms that rely on opposite meat for nutrition Animal Kingdom Phylum phylum Porifera ·Sponges ·Primitive ·No organs or schemas ·Basically, a chemical assembly of cells with a common collective purpose ·Sponges are interpenetrate feeders Phylum Cnidaria ·Anemones, corals and gel fish · make stinging cells called cnidocytes · shell a very wide digestive system, a sackful with one opening ·Corals secrete a heavy(a) calcareous (calcium carbonate) plan ·2 main automobile trunk forms: 1)Polyp accept corals and windflowers 2)Medusa Include jellyfish Phylum platyhelminthyes ·Tapeworms · precise simple digestive system (may be absent) ·Well create reproductive system ·Can be free liveness or parasitic ·Tapeworms and flukes (par.) ·Planarians (free lifespan) Phylum Nematoda ·Roundworms, hear dickensrm, hookworm, pinworm ·Parasitic or! free living ·Digestive system with 2 openings Phylum Mollusca ·Molluscs snails, slugs, oysters, cuttlefish, octopus, abilone ·Soft muscular torso lots with a hard calcareous shell ( more or lesstimes internal) ·Well developed eyes ·Complex queasy system Phylum Annelida ·Segmented worms, earth worms, leeches, marine worms ·Body is dissever into segments, drop occupy appendages (sep. marine worms) Phylum Arthropoda ·Hard exoskeleton with segments crime syndicate Crustoces ·Crustaceans: crabs, lobsters, prawns, shrimps, crayfish, barnacles, water fleas manikin Chelicerata ·Arachnids: spiders, ticks, mites, scorpions divide Diplopoda ·Millipedes Class Chilopoda ·Centipedes Class Insecta ·Insects · throw a adaxial face harmonize (complex nervous system) ·Largest phylum in living humankind kingdom, 800 000 species Phylum Echinodermata Starfish, sea urchin, sea cucumber ·Spiny struggle ·Radially symmetrical ·Internal calcareous skeleton · electron tub e feet moved by water/fluid pressure Phylum phylum Chordata ·abaxial nerve chord · intimately advanced body design Subphylum Urochordata ·Only possess abaxial nerve chord as larvae e.g. sea squirt Subphylum Cehpalochordata ·Possess dorsal nerve chord right through to bad clod ·Do non possess a back prepare e.g. lancelet Subphylum Vertebrata ·Possess a backbone ·Comm and called vertebrates Class Chondricthyes ·Sharks, rays ·gristle skeleton ·2 chambered heart class class Osteichthyes ·True cadaverous fish ·Skeleton made of bone ·What we comm wholly call fish, seahorse, eel Class Amphibia ·Frogs, toads, salamanders ·Undergo metamorphosis from materialisation to adult, tadpole - frog · direct eggs and rear endnister only reproduce in water ·Possess lungs Class class Reptilia ·Lizards, snakes, crocodiles, turtles, tortoises · baffle eggs nevertheless reproduce on land ·3 chambered heart Class class Aves ·Birds, e.g. penguin, emus, ostriches ·P ossess feathers and beaks ·Lay eggs ·Birds are home! in the raw(prenominal)mic (have a constant body temp.) · build a 4 chambered heart Class Mammalia ·mammary glands that secrete take out ·4 chambered heart · homeothermic Monotremes ·Platypus, echidna ·Lay eggs Marsupials ·Kangaroos, wombat, koala ·Have a pouch · book tolerate to extremely underdeveloped newborn that need to neck through in pouch Placental Mammals ·Give turn in to puff up developed little ·unborn young nurtured by a placenta Plant Kingdom Phylum tracheophyta ·vascular plants, possess special waver that conducts water nutrients ·This allows these plants to attain a greater size Class Filicopsida ·Ferns Class subdivision Cycadophytina ·Cycads Class Ginkgopsida ·Maidenhair Class coniferopsida · suffer manoeuvers, etc ·Possess cones Class angiospermopsida ·Flowering plants Subclass Monocatyledonae Grasses, lilies, orchids and palms Subclass Dicotyledonae most(prenominal) of the prime trees and shrubs Phylum Algae ·Simple structure, does not extend into leaves, stems and roots ·Most live underwater ·Some are microscopic single-celled plants and others are giant and leathery Phylum Bryophyta ·Mosses, liverworts ·Small, less than 40cm tall ·Often bear structures resembling stems and leaves ·Lack good developed vascular create from raw material and true roots nation ANAMALIA PORIFERA CNIDARIA phylum Platyhelminthes NEMATODA MOLLUSCA phylum Annelida ARTHROPODA ECHINODERMATA CHORDATA UROCHORDATA subphylum Cephalochordata subphylum Vertebrata Crustacea chelicerata diplopoda chilopda insecta Chondricthyes Ostechthyes Amphibia Reptilia Aves Mammalia Arachnids/Kingcrabs BIOLOGY - TERM 2 revisal NOTES ECOSYSTEMS DEFINITIONS: Population - a group of existences of the alike kind living in a particular place Community - is the group of all organisms living in a particular place. Ecosystem - is the confederacy of living things and the physical environment. Abiotic - non-living dowry of an organi! sms surroundings Biotic - living component of an organisms surroundings. Habitat - an organisms immediate surroundings. Niche - describes exactly where and how and organism utilises its habitat. Food fibril - Food web - Trophic directs - describes the position that an organism fill in a regimen cosmic string or web Autotroph - a self-feeder or producer Heterotroph - a consumer. Decomposer - efficacy Flow: In ecosystems: ·The suns is the primary winding source of button in any ecosystem ·Plants harness only .1% of the suns capacity that r from each onees the earth ·This small area of naught is all that keeps life, as we know it in existence Through fare webs: ·In straddle for energy to faint by top order consumers in a sustenance web, it has to pass through a number of different trophic levels ·This sum that the energy passed from one organism feeds any(prenominal) other The disposition of energy: ·Energy is not created or destroyed ·Energy is convert ed from one form to some other ·When energy is converted, some of it is lost to the system ·When energy is converted in a food web, some of it is lost as heat. ·Therefore energy bump off is never 100% efficient. The loss of energy along a food chain: Solar energy Biomass: ·The total mass of living tissue in an ecosystem ·A biomass pyramid describes the amount of biomass at each trophic level in an ecosystem ·There is less energy available to buzz off biomass as we progress up the food chain. Because of this, biomass decreases thus forming the regular(prenominal) shape of a biomass pyramid.

CYCLES Water: ·The suns energ y powers this cycle · spoil is run off from streams! , rivers and lakes, rain, snow, sleet, dew, etc ·Water is evaporated from lakes, streams, rivers and oceans, etc. ·Water is transpired from plants. snow: ascorbic acid IN ATMOSPHERE PLANTS ANIMALS DECOMPOSERS SOME CARBON LOCKED IN FOSSIL FUELS Nitrogen: Phosphorous: RELATIONSHIPS - SYMBIOSIS Mutualism: ·Involves two organisms living closely to leadher with two species benefiting from this association ·E.g merry andrew fish & anemone, clown fish gets protection (naturally resistant to stings of anemone) anemone receives food scraps from clown fish and gets cleaned as well Commensalism: ·Involves one species gaining benefit form living closely with another species, which is neither harmed nor benefited. ·E.g barnacles on whales, barnacle receives protection and feeding opportunities period the3 whale is neither harmed nor benefited. Parasitism: ·Involves one species gai ning nutrition at the practice down or detriment of another species. ·Parasite does not toss off its host outright but preferably enables it to survive for as long as possible ·Endoparasites (live inner hosts) e.g. tapeworm ·Ectoparasites (live on outer surfaces of host) e.g. tick, leech, choker fig competitor: ·Involves organisms competing for the same resource ·Organisms engaged can be from the same species or from different species ·Resources competed for include: food, shelter, territory, mates, etc ·E.g foxes competing for hares or rainforest or trees competing for sunlight Predator/ devour: ·Involves one species feeding on another ·E.g dingo eats bandicoot or kangaroo eats hit EVIRONMENTAL CHANGE Human factors: ·Land clearing ·Erosion ·defilement Natural modifys Primary term: ·Occurs when living things colonise alert land such as in a volcanic eruption ·Bacteria and lichens are normally the first organisms that can live on bare rock ·As organisms increasingly colonise an area, they t! ransport the environment, thus making it suitable for new species ·Sometimes when organisms tilt an environment, it is no longer suitable for themselves ·The changing environment leads to a convince in species, which is in essence, what a succession is. Secondary succession: ·Occurs in an already constituted ecosystem ·These successions are often caused by natural disasters like floods or fires ·Although they do not claim a total change in species they often involve a marked change ad new species reconcile hold in the stirred area. CLASSIFICATION Taxonomy: ·Kingdom ·Phylum ·Class ·Order ·Family ·Genus ·Species Scientific names: ·Binomial system uses GENUS and SPECIES names Keys: 1)Branching Keys These keys use a tree diagram to sort out specimens 2)Dichotomous Keys These keys use a serial to pairs of questions to sort out specimens CLASSIFICATION OF LIVING THINGS: ·Five Kingdoms: · kingdom Monera - bacteria ·Protsita - single celled (have a nucleus) ·Fungi - mushrooms/toadstools etc (do not photosynthesise) ·Plants - contain chlorophyll and photosynthesise ·Animals - multi-cellular life forms that rely on other means for nutrition Humans: Phylum Chordata ·Dorsal nerve chord ·Most advanced body design Subphylum Vertebrata ·Possess a backbone ·Commonly called vertebrates Class Mammalia ·Mammary glands that secrete milk ·4 chambered heart ·Homeothermic Placental Mammals ·Give birth to well developed young ·Unborn young nurtured by a placenta If you want to get a full essay, order it on our website: OrderEssay.net

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